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This paper focuses on foreign and domestic palm oil investment promotion strategies in Dumai, Indonesia, to assess the sustainable development investment climate. Exploratory qualitative research is conducted with a case study to examine the foreign and domestic oil palm investment climate. The researchers employed NVivo 12 Plus software and the Biblioshiny application to collect, analyse and visualise bibliometric data. The research indicates that the Dumai government has pursued a strategy to stabilise the foreign and domestic palm oil investment climate by conducting promotions abroad and domestically. The conclusions show that the oil palm investment climate has been unable to positively contribute to economic, social and environmental growth in sustainable development in Dumai. Positive impacts of oil palm investment include offering livelihoods, creating new jobs and increasing local revenue. This research aids the government of Dumai in improving the global palm oil sustainable development investment climate.

BACKGROUND: As a by‐product of the palm oil industry, palm stearin is often overlooked despite having several beneficial properties, such as excellent stability, which is critically essential to meet the demand of the global food trend in producing safer processed food. Specifically, deep frying of food is often associated with the production of toxic compounds that could potentially migrate into the food system when oils are degraded under continuous heating. The incorporation of palm stearin is regarded as a cost‐effective and efficient method to modify the fatty acid composition of oils, enhance the frying qualities and lower the degradation rate. RESULTS: This study blended 5% and 10% palm stearin into palm oil to investigate the deep‐frying performance and impact on food quality. Increasing the palm stearin content improved the frying oil's oxidative and hydrolytic stability, evidenced by reduction of total polar material, free fatty acid and total oxidation value. Addition of palm stearin increased the slip melting point which improved the oil's oxidative stability but no significant increase in oil content of instant noodles was observed. Scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy showed the formation of larger pores in the noodle structure that facilitated oil retention. CONCLUSION: Blending palm stearin into frying oil enhanced the frying stability and minimally affected the oil uptake in instant noodles. This article presents the viability of blending palm stearin into frying oils to develop longer‐lasting frying oils. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposed biodiesel production from refined, bleached, and deodorised palm oil via transesterification using black pepper seed-KOH catalyst. A heterogeneous industrial waste catalyst, notably black pepper seed-KOH, was proposed because it can offer sustainability in biodiesel production. While among first generation oil feedstocks, palm oil stands out due to its high productivity because more palm oil can be generated per land area than others. Despite the most common use of the pseudo-first-order kinetic model in biodiesel studies, limited attention has been given to the second-order and reversible kinetics studies. Therefore, catalyst characterization encompassed SEM, EDX, TGA, PSA, FTIR, and basicity tests were first performed. Then, transesterification was executed at different temperatures (50–70 °C), 240-minute reaction time, 6:1 methanol-to-oil ratio, 5 wt% catalyst loading, and 200 rpm to obtain the best fit kinetic model and thermodynamic data. The results displayed a pseudo-irreversible first-order kinetics. Activation energy and pre-exponential factor were determined as 61.5195 kJ mol−1 and 1.1367 × 107 min−1. While, thermodynamic value was calculated, ΔH = 58.7528 kJ mol−1, ΔS = − 0.0850 kJ mol−1 K−1 and ΔG = 86.2157 to 87.9162 kJ mol−1. Therefore, the transesterification was defined as an endothermic, endogenic, and non-spontaneous reaction. This study demonstrates the black pepper seed-KOH's efficacy in biodiesel production and enhances understanding of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters governing the transesterification process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Degumming and bleaching are critical steps in the palm oil refining process, as they are the precursors to the qualities of refined, bleached, and deodorized palm oil. In practice, plant operators often face oil rejections in these processes and solve the problem by trial and error. Hence, a fuzzy expert system is developed to troubleshoot the degumming and bleaching process, for identifying failures and suggesting actions. However, developing the knowledge base and inference engine in the fuzzy expert system for troubleshooting the degumming and bleaching process is challenging because the data in the actual palm oil refining process are poorly documented and must be obtained from various sources, including field observation, document analysis, and interviews, and need to be analyzed using thematic analysis. The results from the thematic analysis were represented as input and output variables of the fuzzy expert system. The developed fuzzy expert system is tested and validated against different data sets and industrial data to identify faults and suggest necessary actions. To evaluate the robustness of the troubleshooting system, the membership functions of the fuzzy expert system are adjusted based on the distributed control system (DCS). The results show that the troubleshooting system can effectively diagnose potential faults and provide necessary actions and can serve as a useful guidance for failures in the degumming and bleaching process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the use of CeO2 extracted from monazite with calcium oxide (CaO) as a solid catalyst for biodiesel production. The wet impregnation method was used to produce CaO@CeO2 mixed-oxide catalysts with 0–50 wt.% CaO. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) was used to characterize the catalysts. In order to determine the optimal preparation conditions, the effect of different CaO compositions on the performance of CaO@CeO2 mixed-oxide catalysts was examined. The catalytic activity of the CaO@CeO2 catalyst for the transesterification reaction of palm oil to produce biodiesel was studied. The results show that the optimum yield of biodiesel can reach 97% fatty acid methyl ester over the 30CaO@CeO2 catalyst at the reaction conditions of 5 wt.% catalysts, methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 9:1, with a reaction temperature of 65 °C within 30 min. The results show that the high catalytic activity and stability of the CaO@CeO2 catalyst make it a promising candidate for industrial-scale biodiesel production. Further study is needed to improve the stability and efficiency of catalysts in transesterification reactions to achieve a high FAME yield using long-life-span catalysts. Moreover, it is necessary to investigate the economic feasibility of this process for application in large-scale biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of phase transition studies in which the following substances and their mixtures were tested: 100% palm oil, 100% paraffin, 100% hydrogenated palm oil, 50% palm oil + 50% paraffin, 50% hydrogenated palm oil + 50% palm oil, 33% hydrogenated palm oil + 33% palm oil + 33% soft paraffin, 20% hydrogenated palm oil + 30% palm oil + 50% soft paraffin, 50% hydrogenated palm oil + 50% palm oil + copper, and 50% hydrogenated palm oil + 50% palm oil + iron. The measurements were carried out on a station for testing phase-change materials (PCMs) designed specifically for the analysis of phase changes. Viscosity values were also determined for the tested materials, and their potential impact on heat accumulation was assessed. The primary goal of the experiment was to determine some key thermodynamic parameters, including transition time, transition heat, specific heat, and dynamic viscosity at 58 °C. A one-way ANOVA test confirmed the statistical significance of minimum transition temperature, maximum transition temperature, and phase transition time, validating the reliability and utility of the results. The melting point, crucial for applications involving phase changes, was identified as an important factor. The careful selection of components allows for the customization of properties tailored to specific applications. A significant result is that the analyzed substances with higher specific heat values tend to have a higher average dynamic viscosity. The Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.82 indicated a strong positive association between the average dynamic viscosity and the heat of fusion of the substances examined. This suggests that changes in the heat of fusion significantly influence alterations in dynamic viscosity. Substances with higher specific heat values tend to exhibit higher average dynamic viscosity, emphasizing the direct impact of composition on viscosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this study, we aimed to understand how different levels of fatty acids in the starter feed affect the growth and health of milk-fed calves. We divided 30 female calves into three groups and fed them starter feeds supplemented with different fatty acids: palm fatty acids (PO), a mix of palm fatty acids and fish oil (PFO), and fish oil (FO). We found that calves receiving FO had slightly greater body weight over the whole period compared to those receiving PFO or PO. However, overall growth rates and intake of feed remained similar across all groups. Additionally, parameters like body size, rumen fermentation, blood composition, and behavioral patterns were not affected by the type of fatty acids in their diet. Our study suggests that altering the ratio of different unsaturated fatty acids in starter feed may not have a substantial impact on the growth and metabolic performance of young calves under normal conditions. These findings contribute to our understanding of calf nutrition and may guide future strategies for optimizing their health and growth during the critical pre-weaning period. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the incremental levels of n-3 fatty acids (FA) in starter feed (SF) on growth and metabolic performance of milk-fed calves. From day 3 of age, 30 female calves (39.4 ± 3.1 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments: (1) SF supplemented with 3.3% palm fatty acids (PO), (2) SF supplemented with 1.7% of PO and 1.9% fish oil (PFO), or (3) SF supplemented with 3.9% fish oil (FO). Chopped straw (7.5% of DM) was included in the SF of all treatments as total mixed ration (TMR). Diets had similar energy and protein contents. Total n-3 FA (% of total FA) and n-6/n-3 of PO, PFO, and FO were 1.90, 6.80, and 11.8 and 15.5, 4.50, and 2.70, respectively. The BW was greater for calves receiving FO (60.2 ± 0.3 kg) compared with PFO (58.7 ± 0.3 kg; p = 0.007) and tended to be greater for calves receiving FO vs. PO (59.0 ± 0.3 kg; p = 0.050). Because there was no interaction effect between diet × week of experiment, the greater BW of FO could not be attributed to the dietary treatment. Accordingly, average daily gain, total dry matter intake (DMI), starter DMI, and gain to intake ratio (G:FI) did not differ among dietary treatments during the entire period of the study (p > 0.05). Dietary treatments did not impact body size parameters such as body length, body girth, withers height, heart girth, hip height, and width (p > 0.05). Neither ruminal fermentation parameters nor blood variables were influenced by supplementing the types of oil at different time points. Calves' behavioral parameters, such as standing, lying, eating, and ruminating, were not influenced by different dietary treatments (p > 0.05). The number of days with abnormal fecal score was not different among dietary groups (p > 0.05). Overall, our findings suggest that changing the n-6/n-3 ratio in starter feed by incremental replacement of palm fatty acid with fish oil at a moderate supplemental level of ~3% of DM may not affect the growth and metabolic performance of young calves under non-challenged conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycidyl esters (GEs) and 3-monochloropropanediol esters (3-MCPDEs) are process contaminants commonly found in refined edible oils which are often added to infant formulas. The Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (TFDA) launched regulations for GEs in infant formulas that went into effect on 1 July 2021. To investigate levels of GEs and 3-MCPDEs in infant formula powder, 45 products were sampled and analysed during 2020–2021. The contents of GEs and 3-MCPDEs in formulas of different brands significantly varied, but their concentrations in all of the formulas complied with European Union (EU) regulations. Infant formulas containing palm oil had significantly higher 3-MCPDE levels in both extracted oils and milk powder than those without palm oil. Concentrations of GEs and 3-MCPDEs in infant formula powder and extracted oils were significantly lower in products from Europe than those from Australia and New Zealand. Infants aged 0–1 years in Taiwan who consumed only infant formula showed a margin of exposure (MoE) exceeding 25,000. Mean consumer exposures to 3-MCPDEs stayed below the tolerable daily intake (TDI), while high exposures at the 95th percentile (P95) exceeded the TDI by 1.7-fold. Herein, we present the changing trends in the risk assessment results of infant formula across various countries in the decade. Implementation of regulations and mitigation strategy effectively reduced the risk of infants being exposed to GEs and 3-MCPDEs through infant formula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) remains a significant contributor to childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries; therefore, the implementation of sustainable and cost-effective approaches to control VAD is of utmost pertinence. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of red palm olein (RPO)-enriched biscuit supplementation in improving vitamin A, haematological, iron, and inflammatory status among vitamin A-deficient schoolchildren. Methods: We conducted a double-blinded, randomised controlled trial involving 651 rural primary schoolchildren (8–12 years) with VAD in Malaysia. The schoolchildren were randomised to receive either RPO-enriched biscuits (experimental group, n = 334) or palm olein-enriched biscuits (control group, n = 317) for 6-month duration. Results: Significant improvements in retinol and retinol-binding protein 4 levels were observed in both groups after supplementation (P < 0.001). The improvement in retinol levels were similar across groups among subjects with confirmed VAD (P = 0.40). Among those with marginal VAD, greater improvement in retinol levels was recorded in the control group (P < 0.001) but lacked clinical significance. The levels of α- and β-carotenes, haematological parameters (haemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin) and iron enhanced more significantly in the experimental group (P < 0.05). The significant reduction in the prevalence of microcytic anaemia (− 21.8%) and high inflammation (− 8.1%) was only observed in the experimental group. Conclusion: The supplementation of RPO-enriched biscuits enhanced levels of provitamin A carotenes, iron, and erythropoiesis, and exhibited anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, the incorporation of RPO into National Nutritional Intervention Programs may be a potential measure to improve the health status of vitamin A-deficient children, among various other interventions. Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03256123). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm oil is a natural source of phytonutrients such as vitamin E and carotenoids. However, these high-value compounds are lost during conventional refining. These phytonutrients can be separated and recovered from crude palm oil (CPO) through methods which prevents the degradation of these compounds. This study evaluated the integrated approach of molecular distillation and adsorption, with the aim of deacidifying and separating vitamin E and carotenoids from CPO, allowing their recovery. Wiped-film molecular distillation (WFMD) was used for deacidification and vitamin E enrichment, the best results were obtained at 200 °C and 21 mL/min. The distillate stream was enriched 937.8% in vitamin E, and the residue stream (named deacidified palm oil - DAPO), enriched in carotenoids, reached 0.1% free fatty acids (FFA). Integration with the adsorption process achieved a carotenoids removal of 79.4% from the DAPO stream. Moreover, the kinetic constant (k2) of adsorption increased by around 87% for DAPO, a result attributed to the absence of fat crystals on the adsorbent surface verified by scanning electron microscopy. Notably, the integrated process approach used is an innovative methodology for the vegetable oil industry presenting an alternative route that allows the preservation and recovery of phytonutrients, and the oil deacidification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rainfall variability significantly influences plant productivity; including palm oil. This research aims to describe rainfall variability and its influence on oil palm productivity on Seram Island, Maluku Province. The data collected consists of rainfall, palm oil production data and supporting data. The analytical method used consists of generating rainfall data, analyzing extreme rainfall conditions and regression analysis to see the relationship between rainfall and palm oil productivity. The research results show that the El Nino rainfall anomaly at the research location in the 1992-2021 period occurred 8 times with a frequency of once every 2 - 6 years or an average of once every 3 years. La Nina occurs 7 times with a frequency of 1 - 10 years or an average of once every 4 years. The very extreme El Nino caused a reduction in rainfall at the research location by 888 mm or 40% of normal conditions, whereas the very extreme La Nina event resulted in an increase in rainfall of 1491 mm or 58% of normal conditions. Rainfall variability is very closely related to oil palm productivity with the regression equation Y = 94.05 - 0.1558x + 0.000083x 2 - 10 -8 x 3 and the accuracy level R 2 is 98.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this study, the oleogel was produced by Pickering emulsion‐based method by using citrus fibre (CF)‐whey protein isolate (WPI) colloidal complex. The obtained oleogels were characterised by rheological and textural properties, and then the oleogels were used in cookies as an alternative to palm oil. The four oleogels (1% to 5%) were fabricated using a CF‐10% WPI complex. Shear thinning rheological behaviour was observed in all emulsion and oleogel samples. The G values were greater than the G values, indicating that solid‐like behaviour dominated in all emulsion and oleogel samples. All oleogel samples had a higher than 90% oil‐holding capacity. The visual appearance of 3% CF‐10% WPI and 5% CF‐10% WPI showed no surface oil, and more integrity structure means that could well trap oil in a gel matrix. Increasing CF% concentration reduced oil droplets and created a more compact structure, particularly at 3% and 5% CF‐10% WPI. An increase in CF concentration from 2% to 5% led to an increase in the hardness value of the dried products and cookies that CF formed a 3D network structure with binds liquid oil. The oxidative stability showed that no significant changes were found between the 3% CF‐10% WPI and palm cookies (P < 0.05). Cookies containing oleogels with a 3% CF content exhibited a visual resemblance to this trait, suggesting a colour appearance that closely resembled cookies made with palm oil. The incorporation of oleogels into the cookie recipe proved to be an effective substitute for palm oil. CF‐10% WPI oleogels show promise for use in cookie preparation as a replacement for palm oil, offering potential as substitutes for saturated and trans fats in food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across Southeast Asia's extractive frontier, Indigenous people increasingly negotiate an influx of nonstate actors pushing partnerships and projects to steer livelihoods away from extractivism and toward forest conservation. Yet, NGOs and their donors often struggle to grasp Indigenous peoples' changing needs and expectations that may prioritize sustaining an income, often via the promises extractive industries propose, over preserving fragmented forests for posterity. This paper examines three interventions by conservation NGOs in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, which leveraged custom (adat) and "alternative" livelihoods through territorial practices to dissuade a Dayak Modang community from releasing ancestral lands for palm oil plantations and coal mines. Drawing on the state's definition of adat to demarcate Modang territory, NGOs and some Modang engaged in counter-mapping and livelihood initiatives as hopeful expressions of indigeneity and making a living through acts of territorialization. We explore how NGO territorial practices unfolded as simplified spatial expressions that leveraged adat identity, enclosures, and livelihoods, neglecting the contemporary realities of living in a fragmented forest frontier. Although NGO-Modang strategies temporarily slowed dispossession and deforestation, their misaligned livelihood and conservation programs may have reinforced social differentiation between and across Dayak and migrant groups to ultimately facilitate extraction's expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of palm oil-derived polyol in polyurethane manufacturing is restricted owing to its poor hydroxyl value, which results in a suboptimal polyurethane network. Palm oil could be first chemically modified by cross metathesis (CM) into olefin and ester products with terminal double bonds prior to converting it to the polyols with optimum hydroxyl value. Due to the catalyst degradation and the unwanted self-metathesis reaction, the plant oil CM employing ethylene has been limited by its poor selectivity and low yield. The goal of present research is to investigate the palm oil CM using 1-octene from the aspects of parametric and kinetic analysis. The use of 1-octene was hypothesized to prevent the formation of undesired catalytic intermediates and hence allowing the ruthenium-based Hoveyda Grubbs second generation catalyst (2nd HGC) to maintain its activity and stability. Adopting one factorial at time (OFAT) in a batch system, the effect of different parameters on cross-metathesis of palm oil was examined. The variation in reaction time, temperature, reactant molar ratio of 1-octene to triolein (MOC/TR), and catalyst loadings were correlated to triolein conversion, yield, and selectivity of 1-decene. The products such as 1-decene and glyceryl tri-9-decenoate were quantified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The maximum triolein conversion and 1-decene yield, 97.78% and 293.36% respectively, were obtained when the cross metathesis of palm oil using 1-octene occurred at 343 K for 2 h with MOC/TR of 8 and catalyst loading of 5 ppm. After three consecutive catalytic tests carried out at best operating condition, the insignificant decline in the reaction performance evidenced that the 2nd HGC catalyst remained active and stable. It was also found that the power-law model well predicted the concentration profile of the cross-metathesis of palm oil using 1-octene, estimating activation energy of 22583 J/mol. This study developed a new technically feasible process for adding value to palm oil, by enabling the use of palm oil as a feedstock for the production of polyol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scoping review for the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023 summarizes the available evidence on fats and oils from a food level perspective. A literature search for systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses was conducted in PubMed. There are few SRs and meta-analyses available that investigate the association between fats and oils (food level) and health outcomes; the majority report associations at the nutrient level (fatty acid classes). All identified SRs and meta-analyses were of low methodological quality, thus the findings and conclusions presented within this scoping review should be interpreted cautiously. Based on this limited evidence, the following results were indicated: the intake of olive oil may be associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and total mortality in prospective cohort studies. The intake of butter was not associated with the risk of CVD but may be related to slightly lower risk of T2D and higher risk of total mortality in prospective cohort studies. For cancer, the evidence is sparse and primarily based on case-control studies. The intake of olive oil may be associated with reduced risk of cancer, whereas the intake of butter may be associated with increased risk of certain cancer types. Butter increases LDL-cholesterol when compared to virtually all other fats and oils. Palm oil may increase LDL-cholesterol when compared to oils rich in MUFA or PUFA but may not have any effect on glucose or insulin. Coconut oil may increase LDL-cholesterol when compared to other plant oils but may decrease LDL-cholesterol when compared to animal fats rich in SFA. Canola/rapeseed oil may decrease LDL-cholesterol compared to olive oil, sunflower oil and sources of SFA and may also reduce body weight compared to other oils. Olive oil may decrease some inflammation markers but may not have a differential effect on LDL-cholesterol compared to other fats and oils. The effect on risk markers likely differs depending on the type/version of oil, for example, due to the presence of polyphenols, phytosterols and other minor components. Taken together, based on the available evidence, oils rich in unsaturated fat (e.g. olive oil, canola oil) are to be preferred over oils and fats rich in saturated fat (e.g. butter, tropical oils).

The sustainability aspect of the palm oil business strategy is a significant part of dealing with changes in the future. The rest of the processed products that have not been handled perfectly is a form of material loss that reduces income and environmental sustainability. Even though the company has reported and compiled its responsibilities, the actual productivity of the company is much lower because the amount of hidden waste has not been fully considered. This research involves companies introducing material flow cost accounting in tracing and calculating physical resources and financing. This method helps companies to determine the number of negative and positive products as a basis for evaluation for saving resources and reducing environmental impacts through reducing oil losses and increasing yields. This effort will become a competitive advantage and encourage the ability of business actors to increase revenue and reduce waste. Scenarios of improving the quality of fresh fruit bunches, optimizing the sterilization process, and increasing the amount of pulp are adaptive choices in terms of availability and resource capacity. Dissemination of efforts and successes in improving resource efficiency to stakeholders is vital to increasing the value and sustainability of the palm oil business.

Modern trends and changes in the production of food and feed products, the state of natural resource provision for mankind, physiological features of modern high-performance breeds of animals and poultry crosses, features of their maintenance, the structure of the raw material base of the compound feed industry, and the need to change approaches to providing compound feed products with fat have been analyzed. It is shown that the limitation of the introduction of fish and meat and bone meal in compound feed recipes requires the replacement of these components not only from the point of view of protein quality, but also the need to adjust fat both in quantity to ensure the required level of energy value and in quality to ensure healthy life activity of the body. It has been shown that the organism of animals and birds is a symbiosis of two organisms, a macroorganism and a microbiota, with a significant contribution to the coexistence of microbiota, therefore the justification of the choice of components of compound feed products, in particular to provide fat and energy, should be carried out taking into account the further impact on the microbe. The relevance of optimizing the fatty acid composition (FAС) of compound feed products according to the physiological and metabolic needs of modern breeds and crosses of agricultural animals and poultry is shown. Modern ideas about the ways of fat metabolism, the physiological role of individual fatty acids, biological value were analyzed, and the theoretical principles of optimizing the fatty acid composition were developed. It has been established that saturated fatty acids are more resistant to oxidation, able to increase immunity, reduce inflammation, but have a low degree of assimilation, and require mandatory adjustment of bioavailability to avoid disruption of lipid metabolism. Monounsaturated fatty acids have better resistance to oxidative processes, higher availability. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have low and very low resistance to oxidative processes, which makes it necessary to solve the issue of their stabilization both in vivo and in vitro, since the accumulation of toxic products of lipid peroxidation initiates the appearance of various pathologies and diseases. The nutritional value of pressed and unrefined sunflower oil, soybean oil, high-oleic sunflower oil, palm oil, coconut oil, and linseed oil were determined; of veterinary fish oil and the ratio of ?-6 and ?-3 PUFAs was calculated in them, the advantages and disadvantages of their use in compound feed were substantiated. It is shown that the introduction of sunflower oil of the linoleic type to provide feed with energy leads to a significant increase in the content of linoleic acid, which is related to the structure of the raw material base and the significant content of ?-6 PUFA in other feed products. Compound feed recipes for different species and groups of poultry were calculated, and it was established that when using fish and meat and bone meal, the content of linoleic acid in compound feed was exceeded by 3 times (up to 3.08% against the norm of 1.1%). Additional introduction of oil of sunflower linoleic type leads to an increase in the indicator for various recipes and species and groups from 3.0 to 5 times, which leads to a violation of lipid and mineral metabolism, the appearance of pathological conditions, a decrease in the productivity of animals and poultry, obtaining low-quality livestock and poultry products. The nutritional value of compound feed products will allow to correct the pathways of lipid metabolism and biosynthesis, to carry out the predicted physiological and functional effect on the body of farm animals and poultry in order to obtain livestock and poultry products of maximum quantity and high quality. Further research is needed to justify the choice of fats and fat-containing feed additives, to improve the calculation recipes of compound feed products, taking into account the optimization of both fat and fatty acid profile.

Abstract Background During recent years several studies have investigated the impact of different dietary oils on body weight. They have shown differential positive and negative effects on anthropometry. We investigated the effects of palm and coconut oils on body weight and other anthropometric parameters, considering their importance as a primary source of saturated fat, controlling for other confounding variable such as total energy intake. Methods The study was conducted as a sequential feeding clinical trial with 40 healthy men and women divided into two feeding periods of initial palm oil (8 weeks) and subsequent coconut oil (8 weeks), with a 16-week washout period in between. Each participant received a pre-determined volume of each oil, which were integrated into their routine main meals and snacks during the respective study periods. Changes in body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were evaluated. Physical activity levels and dietary intake were also evaluated as potential confounding factors. Results Thirty-seven participants completed both oil treatment periods. The mean (± SD) age of the participants was 39 (± 13.1) years. There were no significant differences in any of the anthropometric parameters between the initial point of feeding coconut oil and the initial point of feeding palm oil. Following both oil treatment phases, no significant changes in the subjects’ body weight, BMI, or other anthropometric measurements (WC, HC, and WHR) were observed. Conclusion Neither coconut oil nor palm oil significantly changed anthropometry-related cardiovascular risk factors such as body weight, BMI, WC, HC, and WHR. Trial registration Sri Lankan Clinical Trial Registry: SLCTR/2019/034 on 4th October 2019 ( https://slctr.lk/trials/slctr-2019-034 ).

Marketing of palm oil in the form of FFB (Fresh Fruit Bunches) to palm oil companies (PKS) is carried out by independent oil palm smallholders through existing marketing institutions, both collecting businesses, which will affect the income that farmers will receive. Weighing Business is a FFB marketing agency in Pino District, South Bengkulu Regency which already has a permit to sell farmer's FFB to companies and has fruit transportation facilities and has means of transportation in the form of trucks and pick-up cars. The purpose of this study was to examine the prospects for the leading sector of the palm oil weighing (RAM) business in Pino District, South Bengkulu Regency. The research location was carried out in Pino District, South Bengkulu Regency. The determination of the research location was carried out purposively, with the consideration that the research location was a center for palm oil production with a lot of digital scales or RAM with a capacity of ± 30 tons and already had an operating permit. The results showed that the average income from the palm oil Ram business in Pino District, South Bengkulu Regency was Rp. 26,188,188.89 with an average production cost of Rp. 21,832,892.59 so that they earned an income of Rp. 4,361,218.52, in one month.

In this research, the application of response surface methodology with central composite design (RSM-CCD) to optimizetransesterification of palm oil in the presence of zeolite-A as catalyst was investigated. Zeolite-A was synthesized from rice husk silica (RHS) and food-grade aluminium foil using hydrothermal method and then characterized using XRD and SEM. The synthesized zeolite was then applied to an optimized transesterification reaction using response RSM with three factorial levels, for three variables including methanol to oil ratio, catalyst load, and reaction time. The experimental results indicate that the yield of 99% was achieved at optimum conditions of methanol to oil volume ratio of 6, catalyst load of 9.6%, and reaction time of 4.3 hours. The results of experiments and predicted results based on the RSM model are in agreement as shown by the p-value less than 0.05 at a confidence level of 95%.

Palm oil is one of the leading commodities which play a strategic role in alleviating poverty, providing employment opportunities, spreading development and a source of foreign exchange for the country. The rapid development of oil palm plantation development has had negative impacts on the environment and social. The conversion of natural forests with high conservation value can reduce the quality of the environment and ecosystem. The development of oil palm plantations that do not pay attention to the rights of customary, customary and indigenous communities without the permission of the relevant communities before plantation development is carried out will cause social conflict. These problems need to be addressed to maintain the competitiveness of Indonesian palm oil products by realizing the development of sustainable palm oil plantations.

Aktivitas panen dan pasca panen Tandan Buah Segar (TBS) merupakan salah satu bagian penting pada industri kelapa sawit. Kegiatan rutin yang dilakukan sebelum panen adalah taksasi atau taksiran tak pasti yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui perkiraan jumlah produksi TBS yang akan dipanen dalam suatu blok. Kegiatan taksasi biasanya dilakukan satu hari sebelum kegiatan panen. Proses taksasi saat ini masih dilakukan dengan pencatatan data secara manual oleh petugas taksasi yang kemudian data dimasukan ke dalam Microsoft excel sehingga dapat dilakukan proses perhitungan prediksi TBS. Penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan rancang bangun sistem taksasi TBS berbasis aplikasi Android. Tahapan yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini antara lain 1) identifikasi kebutuhan sistem, 2) pengumpulan informasi dan data, 3) pemetaan kebutuhan sistem, 4) perancangan program, 5) pembuatan aplikasi, 6) pengujian aplikasi, 7) perbaikan dan peningkatan. Aplikasi yang telah dibuat terdiri atas frontend dan backend. Frontend merupakan tampilan aplikasi yang dibuat dengan menggunakan bahasa react native, sedangkan backend merupakan program yang berjalan di server untuk menjalankan fitur dan menghubungkan user ke database dan dibuat dengan menggunakan framework express js. Hasil pengujian dengan menggunakan metode blackbox menunjukkan bahwa fitur Android yang dibuat berjalan dengan baik dan aplikasi sudah dapat digunakan untuk kegiatan taksasi di lapangan.

Oil palm plantations are plantations that have the largest land and output in West Kalimantan, the output produced is not only palm oil, but will also produce other products such as production waste which can damage the environment. Replanting is carried out to reduce the resulting ecological impact, even so replanting carried out by smallholders/independent still leaves a lot of waste such as oil palm trunks and other biomass that has high economic potential. This study aims to estimate the potential waste in replanting activities, as well as the potential economic benefits that can be obtained by the process. Using quantitative analysis, with support of mathematical calculations that we have developed and based on data and empirical assumptions. The estimation results show that every year if replanting waste is processed into wood pellets it will provide an economic value of IDR 125,376,725,586.59 on independent plantations every year and are carbon neutral.

Considering that oil palm plants are no longer productive, replanting needs to be carried out immediately by Sekadau district farmers. For oil palm plantation farmers in Sekadau Regency, there is a dilemma in deciding to participate in this program. This research aims to find out what factors influence oil palm farmers in Sekadau Regency to carry out replanting using a quantitative descriptive approach to see the community's response to the technology provided by the government for replanting oil palm. The number of samples used in this research was 100 respondents determined by purposive sampling. The data analysis method used is logistic regression analysis. The results of this research show that the variables of land area, farmer's income level, availability of rock from the government, and age of the oil palm have a significance value of less than 0.05, which means that these variables have a strong influence on farmers' attitudes in making decisions to carry out oil palm rejuvenation activities. The percentage of decisions made by oil palm farmers to carry out replanting activities is 62.8%, where on average farmers agree to rejuvenate oil palm even though many requirements must be met.

Achieving net zero emissions to ensure a sustainable future has become increasingly urgent in light of climate change. The palm oil industry in Malaysia plays a significant role in the country's economy but has faced criticism for its environmental impact, particularly in terms of sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions. While the government has implemented policies and initiatives to promote sustainable palm oil production and reduce emissions, there remains a need for a comprehensive and integrated mitigation strategy to help make an informed decision to improve the performance. To address the limitations of the current framework, this study proposes an Integrated Mitigation Strategy Model which incorporates established frameworks of Palm Oil Mill Carbon Accounting (POMCFA) and Sustainability Index (POMSI). This model has been developed based on the superstructure approach, considering a set of mitigation options to improve weak indicators identified through assessments. The selection of these options is informed by a theoretical review of existing literature on factor changes and their impact on emissions reduction. The model is further validated through case studies, ensuring its robustness and reliability. Based on the case study, it reveals that palm oil mill effluent, diesel consumption, and water consumption contribute the most to carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. In terms of sustainability scoring, the environmental aspect obtains the lowest scores compared to social and economic aspects. Weaknesses identified include dust concentration, palm oil mill effluent, and boiler emissions. Using the heuristics of factor changes equation, the mitigation model suggests implementing high-technology boilers as the optimal solution for these weaknesses. With the theoretical and empirical support behind the choice of variables, our model provides a valuable tool for decision-making in achieving net-zero emissions and sustainable palm oil production.

This work investigates biodiesel production via transesterification of Mexican palm oil with methanol catalyzed by binary solid base core–shell catalysts with improved catalytic stability. A series of CaO–ZnO mixed solids were prepared using an inexpensive co–precipitation method by varying ZnO content from 5 to 20 mol%. Several factors, such as surface basicity, ZnO content, phase compositions, and thermal treatment of the catalysts, were all proven to be crucial for the production of biodiesel with good quality. Thermal treatment could effectively remove the surface adsorbed water and impurities and improved the catalytic activity. The addition of ZnO to CaO significantly enhanced the catalysts' stability; however, it led to lower surface basicity and slightly diminished catalytic activity. ZnO doping inhibited the formation of surface Ca(OH)2 and promoted the formation of Ca–Zn–O or CaZn2(OH)6 phase as the core and a surface CaCO3 shell, which effectively decreased Ca2+ leaching by approximately 74% in methanol and 65% in a methanol–glycerol (4:1) mixture. A combined method of separation and purification for obtaining clean biodiesel with high quality was proposed. The biodiesel obtained under the control conditions exhibited properties which satisfied the corresponding standards well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our rapidly changing world, where consumers' expectations for healthy food are on the rise, the edible oil content in packaged foods has become a central focus. Among various types of oils, palm oil is often regarded as one of the most contentious. This research study aimed to identify the types of fats present in packaged food products in Türkiye and examined the reasons for their utilization. A total of 1380 packaged food items, classified into 11 categories, were scrutinized, and the types of oils within their ingredients were classified using principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. The study's results have determined that among packaged food products available in Türkiye, 50.1% contain palm oil, 30.4% contain sunflower oil, 16.4% contain canola oil, 14.9% contain cottonseed oil, 17.9% contain cocoa oil, and 12.6% contain coconut oil. In particular, it was determined that palm oil was used in 91% of bakery products, 81% of margarine and shortening products, and 71.3% of ice creams. Consequently, the data obtained in the context of ongoing debates regarding the fat content in packaged foods, especially concerning palm oil usage, will make a valuable contribution to the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unsustainable palm oil production is having a devastating impact on biodiversity in producing countries in Southeast Asia. Certification schemes for sustainable palm oil have the potential to reduce these impacts. The ubiquity of palm oil in processed foods found in supermarkets is a challenge that requires intervention at the policy level and with consumers through increasing public knowledge of the problem and awareness of sustainable alternatives. Zoos are increasingly demonstrating their role in increasing awareness of multifaceted conservation issues across a range of audiences. This paper describes the evaluation of a repeat-engagement outreach programme on palm oil delivered to 7–11 year old children in UK schools by zoo educators. We conducted a mixed-method study using before-after control-treatment surveys to examine the relationship between programme participation and participants' knowledge of palm oil, sustainability, and awareness of sustainable alternatives. The analysis indicated improvements in participants' understanding of palm oil as a conservation issue, and knowledge of how and where to identify sustainable palm oil in consumer products. The analysis also indicated a smaller improvement in participants' understanding of sustainability. We discuss these findings in the context of zoo-led conservation education, and its potential role in Target-16 of the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of oil palm plantations has led to land‐use change and deforestation in the tropics, which has affected biodiversity. Although the impacts of the crop on terrestrial biodiversity have been extensively reviewed, its effects on freshwater biodiversity remain relatively unexplored. We reviewed the research assessing the impacts of forest‐to‐oil palm conversion on freshwater biota and the mitigating effect of riparian buffers on these impacts. We searched for studies comparing taxa richness, species abundance, and community composition of macroinvertebrates, amphibians, and fish in streams in forests (primary and disturbed) and oil palm plantations with and without riparian buffers. Then, we conducted a meta‐analysis to quantify the overall effect of the land‐use change on the 3 taxonomic groups. Twenty‐nine studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. On average, plantations lacking buffers hosted 44% and 19% fewer stream taxa than primary and disturbed forests, respectively. Stream taxa on plantations with buffers were 24% lower than in primary forest and did not differ significantly from disturbed forest. In contrast, stream community composition differed between forests and plantations regardless of the presence of riparian buffers. These differences were attributed to agrochemical use and altered environmental conditions in the plantations, including temperature changes, worsened water conditions, microhabitat loss, and food and shelter depletion. On aggregate, abundance did not differ significantly among land uses because increases in generalist species offset the population decline of vulnerable forest specialists in the plantation. Our results reveal significant impacts of forest‐to‐oil palm conversion on freshwater biota, particularly taxa richness and composition (but not aggregate abundance). Although preserving riparian buffers in the plantations can mitigate the loss of various aquatic species, it cannot conserve primary forest communities. Therefore, safeguarding primary forests from the oil palm expansion is crucial, and further research is needed to address riparian buffers as a promising mitigation strategy in agricultural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there exists a significant need for alternate sources of petroleum fuel due to escalating environmental challenges and diminishing global oil reserves. Biodiesel, an environmentally friendly and sustainable fuel, is one of the most adaptable alternatives to petroleum fuel. This study's goals were to get biodiesel from three oils (olive, palm, and jojoba) and see how well lipases work as biocatalysts for the esterification process. The production of biodiesel was obtained from two fungal strains, Aspergillus niger MH079049.1 and A. niger MH078571.1, and four distinct fatty acids and four organic solvents were used. The study determined the optimal reaction conditions to be a reaction time of 24 h, an enzyme concentration of 3 mL, and an oil-to-methanol ratio of 3:1. This study showed that lipase works well in making biodiesel, with an impressive esterification yield of 99%, and the highest level of productivity was attained when olive oil and jojoba oils were subjected to an incubation time of 18 h and 22 h, respectively, in the presence of palm oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early 2000s, biofuels like biodiesel and bioethanol were seen as renewable alternatives to petroleum, driven by rising crude oil prices and environmental concerns. Palm oil became a key biodiesel raw material, turning the European Union (EU) into a major importer. However, sustainable palm oil concerns emerged in the EU in 2014, leading to trade disputes and import restrictions, with a goal to phase out palm oil biodiesel by 2030. This research explores the EU's palm oil biodiesel policy impact, focusing on key producers, EU imports (crude and refined palm oil, biodiesel), the EU's role in the global biodiesel network, and alignment with a green narrative. Analyzing trade data, we find that, despite concerns, the EU has not significantly reduced palm oil-related imports, highlighting the market's complex relationship to policy. This suggests that the EU's commitment to environmentally sustainable economic development may not align with market stakeholders' preferences, emphasizing the complex interdependencies between the global biodiesel market and policy areas like sustainability, economy, energy, and environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

West Kalimantan Province is one of the provinces that has a large area of oil palm plantations which can become integrated cattle farms. Oil palm plantations provide a source of feed that comes from palm oil processing waste and green grass around the oil palm trees. However, this waste contained not sufficient nutrients if given directly, so needed feed processing to increase the nutrition. The community service team from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga carried out activities to increase the knowledge and skills of farmers in processing palm oil waste feed and carried out reproductive examination activities on female cattle. The output target to be achieved is increasing the ability of farmers to make feed from palm oil waste that can sufficient for livestock nutritional needs and increased of reproductive health of cows. This activity held on 20 - 23 July 2023 in Tonang Village, District. Sengah Temila, Kab. Landak, West Kalimantan. The activity was attended by 40 participants consisting of breeders, medical officers and veterinarians from the Dinas Ketahanan Pangan, Pertanian dan Perikanan Kabupaten Landak dan Dinas Perkebunan dan Peternakan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. The first day's activities were carried out by delivering outreach and training materials on processing palm oil waste feed through silage and fermentation methods, making UMB and UMMB, and carrying out reproductive examinations and treatment of female cattle. The outcomes that have been achieved include increasing farmers' understanding and skills regarding how to make silage and palm frond fermentation, as well as UMB and UMMB as additional feed. Health and reproductive disorders examination of female cattle were carried out on 2 female cattle belonging to the Koperasi Produsen Landak Mandiri and 17 female cattle belonging to the Alam Raya Hijau Group. Based on the examination, data was obtained that 7 cows were pregnant, 1 cow had endometritis, and 11 cows were declared to be in normal reproductive condition. The conclusion that can be drawn from this activity is that the participants' knowledge about the given topic increases and the reproductive health of female cattle can be handled with appropriate examination and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneous catalysts have an edge over homogeneous catalysts for the production of biodiesel due to limitations like nonrenewable nature, reusability, separation, saponification, equipment corrosion, and washing. The potential of marigold petals as an excellent bio-based catalyst was derived and utilized in the present study to produce sustainable palm oil methyl ester. The dried marigold petals are burned to produce ash, then calcined (800°C, 2 h) to prepare the catalyst. SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, TGA, and BET characterized the prepared calcined catalyst. The reported catalyst consists of a high percentage of potassium oxide and calcium oxide with a basic strength within 12.1

Incorporating nano-sized fillers into bio-based polyurethane (PU) foams typically enhances their properties. In present investigation, palm oil-based PU foams are fabricated with varied loadings (0 to 5 wt%) of fumed nanosilica. The foams are then characterized for their fire-retardancy, thermal stability, foam morphology, and also mechanical properties. Marginal improvement in Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) values, as well as failure to be rated under UL-94 Vertical Combustion Test indicate limited potential of fumed silica in improving flammability of organic polymeric foams; suggesting exorbitant amount is required for any distinguishable effect to manifest. Interestingly; results from Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA) shows marked improvements in terms of char residue with more than seven-fold increase at 5 wt% filler loading, possibly owed to the inert filler nature of fumed nanosilica forming a char barrier and acting as fuel diluent. Filled PU foams displayed an increased open-cell content, likely because the filler functioned as a cell opener. Removing the influence of density, the normalized compressive properties showed notable improvement up until a certain loading, which could be credited to the increased stiffness imparted by the filler itself. The results portray the potential of fumed nanosilica as filler for bio-based PU foams, offering enhanced thermal stability and limited fire retardancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to describe the characteristics of the oil palm harvest workforce and socio-economic factors related to the productivity of harvesting labor at PT Task Parenggean. The sample was taken from the harvest labor population of Estate 1, Estate 2, and Estate 3, represented by 95 workers. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis and processed using SPSS (Statistical Program for Science). The results showed that age, family dependents, work experience, facilities & and infrastructure, and salary significantly affected the productivity of oil palm harvesting workers at PT Task Parenggean. In contrast, the level of education, residence, and premiums had no significant effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pigments consumed in grazing give the milk from dual-purpose cows raised in tropical conditions a yellowish color, affecting the quality and price of the milk. This study aimed to develop an economical method with supplementary pectin to antagonize the availability of carotenes by designing microparticles with shellac and palm oil as a viable alternative to protect pectin degradation against rumen microbes. Three preparations of microparticles based on citrus pectin were synthesized: unprotected (PnP), protected with palm oil (PwP), and protected with palm oil and shellac (PwPL) microparticles. Samples were roughly characterized by spectroscopy and electron microscopy techniques. The effect of PnP, PwP, and PwPL on blood metabolites and physicochemical characteristics of the milk of grazing lactating cows was evaluated through in vivo assays. The release of citrus pectin from microparticles was determined as uronic acids using solutions with distinct pH, whereas its degradation was studied using in situ tests. Results revealed that PnP, PwP, and PwPL are amorphous structures with sizes that range from 60 to 265 nm or 750 to 3570 µm and have surface charges that range from −11.5 to −50.2 mV. Samples exhibited characteristic peaks during FTIR analyses that corresponded to O-H, C=O, and COOCH3 groups and bands within the UV-vis region that indicated the absorption of pectin. The EDS analysis revealed the presence of carbon, oxygen, or calcium in samples. The release of uronic acids was higher at pH 2–3 with PwPL. The in situ degradability of PnP, PwP, and PwPL was 99, 28.4, and 17.7%, respectively. Moreover, PwPL decreased the blood concentration of glucose, cholesterol, and lactate. In contrast, 100 g of pectin per animal daily during the feed process reduced yellow coloring. In conclusion, designing particles protected with lipids and polymers as shellac is an economical method that resists degradation at pH levels greater than five. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Induction of obesity by dietary fats and oils differs according to the type of fat. Adiponectin is believed to be related to obesity prevention. We hypothesized that flaxseed oil is important for preventing obesity and producing adiponectin. To clarify this hypothesis, we investigated the relationship between obesity and different fat sources in mice fed diets with 6 types of fat and oils. C57BL/6J mice were given a control diet containing 5% corn oil or a high-fat diet containing 20% of either lard, palm oil, rapeseed oil, oleate-rich safflower oil, corn oil, or flaxseed oil for 14 weeks. In another experiment, mice were given a control diet and rosiglitazone (10 mg/kg body weight) by oral gavage for 1 week. At the end of study, plasma adiponectin and expression of fatty acid metabolism–related factors in white and brown adipose tissue and the liver were measured. Dietary flaxseed oil, which is rich in α-linolenic acid, did not induce obesity. Flaxseed oil resulted in increased β-oxidation–related factors in epididymal white adipose tissue, decreased fatty acid synthesis–related factors in the liver, and thermogenesis-related factor in brown adipose tissue following increase of plasma adiponectin. The results suggested that increase in plasma adiponectin after intake of flaxseed oil may be due to altered expression of AdipoQ and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in epididymal white adipose tissue. Flaxseed oil increased expression of adiponectin in visceral fat and regulated obesity-controlling fatty acid metabolism-related factors in white adipose tissue and liver, and thermogenesis-related factor in brown adipose tissue. A high-fat diet containing lard or palm oil induced obesity, whereas a high-fat diet containing flaxseed oil prevented it. Flaxseed oil promoted mRNA expression of AdipoQ in eWAT, but not in sWAT. Plasma adiponectin induced by flaxseed oil related to regulation of β-oxidation–related factors in eWAT, fatty acid synthesis–related factors in the liver, and thermogenesis-related factor in BAT. Abbreviations: BAT, brown adipose tissue; eWAT, epididymal white adipose tissue; sWAT, subcutaneous white adipose tissue. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) by the European Union (EU) provides an updated framework for the use of renewable energy in the EU transport sector until 2030, and bans the use of biofuels with a high risk of causing indirect land‐use change in high carbon stock areas (high ILUC‐risk criteria). The only biofuel feedstock affected by this criterion is palm oil. We employ the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model DART‐BIO for a scenario‐based policy analysis and evaluate a phase‐out of palm oil‐based biodiesel, and an additional phase‐out of soy oil‐based biodiesel in the EU. Our results show that the palm phase‐out has only a relatively small impact on global palm fruit production and total crop land use in tropical and subtropical regions, while the soy phase‐out leads to a comparable stronger decrease in global soy production, and a reduction in total cropland use in soy‐producing regions. Both policies lead to increased oilseed production in the EU. Therefore, farmer in Malaysia and Indonesia face a significantly reduced income. While European farmers profit the most, EU firms and households are confronted with higher expenditures. Finally, this study indicates that unilateral demand‐side regulations for a single good in a single sector is not sufficient for effective environmental protection. Enhanced binding sustainability criteria and certification schemes for the use of all vegetable oils in every sector and industry as well as improved protection schemes for sensible forest areas are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular lightweight concrete (CLC), also known as foamed concrete, has been extensively used in construction for decades. Foamed concrete's properties include low density, excellent thermal conductivity, great workability, and selfcompaction; these features enable foamed concrete to be utilized in various contexts. However, the excessive use of conventional materials in concrete production harms the environment. Therefore, using agro-waste as a material to construct ecologically sustainable structures has numerous practical and financial benefits. Palm oil clinker (POC) is a waste product resulting from solid waste combustion during palm oil extraction. This research focused on the properties of foamed concrete with POC at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% as the fine aggregate replacement to develop lightweight foamed concrete (LFC) with a density of 1300 kg/m3. Besides, the potential of POC powder (POCP) and thermally activated POCP (TPOCP) at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% as cement replacements was examined. The development of compressive strength during a 90-day curing period was investigated. In addition, tensile and flexural strengths were assessed and reported, and the elastic modulus of the LFC was discussed. The transport properties of water absorption, porosity, and sorptivity were also investigated. The durability of concrete derivatives can exhibit the product's resistance to chemical attacks and environmental conditions. After 75 days of immersion in hydrochloric acid and magnesium sulfate, the chemical resistivity of the produced LFC was determined by measuring the loss in weight and compressive strength. In addition, the effects of elevated temperatures on the LFC were determined by analyzing the mass loss and compressive strength degradation of specimens exposed to temperatures ranging from 200 to 800 °C. The test results demonstrated that the complete replacement of sand with POC enhanced the compressive strength of LFC by more than 50%. Similarly, POC-based LFC had higher flexural and tensile strengths than normal LFC. Besides, substituting 20% of cement with TPOCP could improve the strength of LFC by 23% during the initial curing days. Utilizing the optimal proportions of POC and POCP could enhance the residual strengths of LFC. Therefore, POC has the potential to be utilized as a fine aggregate and cementitious material to produce sustainable concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores different methodologies to select proper doses of three palm-oil-based rejuvenators to restore the properties of the effective binder present in asphalt mixtures with high Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) content. Two commercial vegetable-based rejuvenators were also used as reference for comparison. The dose selection methods are based on penetration and softening point in unaged, short- and long-term aged states, and High Temperature Superpave Performance Grade (PGH) verified with Fatigue Low-Temperature Superpave Performance Grade (PGFL). In addition, a novel approach based on the thermodynamic properties of the recycled binder blends (i.e. mix of virgin binder, RAP binder and rejuvenator) quantified through the Surface Free Energy (SFE) measurements was also explored. In all cases, the optimum dose selection was determined by the amount of rejuvenator required to provide equivalent or better properties than the virgin binder in its unaged and aged conditions. The results suggest that the PGH approach verified with PGFL is the most appropriate method to determine the optimum rejuvenator dose. This methodology was initially validated by means of rheological and chemical testing conducted on the recycled binder blends at the selected dose in different ageing states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2 diol ester (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl ester (GE) in processed palm oils is of concern, as these oils are widely used for edible purposes. The mitigation method studied here optimizes the removal of chloride through water washing of crude palm oil (CPO), to limit the formation of 3-MCPDE. The contaminant removal obtained via washing CPO supports the quantitative findings. By utilizing 5% water in the washing step, water-soluble chlorides in CPO are removed by up to 76%, resulting in a 71% reduction of 3-MCPDE to within statutory limits. In this study, a linear correlation was developed between the chloride and the corresponding 3-MCPDE with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.99. Using the correlations, 1.0 mg/kg of 3-MCPDE in refined, bleached and deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) will be obtained from CPO with 1.2 mg/kg chloride with 7% wash water usage. The study also showed minor GE reduction between 7 and 11% was attained after water washing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]